Memory management in Python

Problem:Explain the key features and enhancements introduced in Python 3.9.0. Provide examples to illustrate the usage of these features.

Solution:Python 3.9.0 introduced several new features and improvements to the language. Here are some of the noteworthy changes:

Here are the key aspects of memory management in Python:

Object Allocation:

In Python, objects are the fundamental units of data. When you create variables, data structures, or objects in Python, memory is allocated to store these objects. Memory allocation is managed by Python's memory manager, which keeps track of available memory and allocates it as needed.

x = 5
# Memory allocated for an integer object with the value 5

Reference Counting:

Python uses reference counting as the primary mechanism for memory management.

Each object in memory has an associated reference count, which keeps track of how many references (variables or objects) point to it.

When an object's reference count drops to zero, it means there are no more references to that object, making it eligible for deallocation.

Garbage Collection:

While reference counting is effective, it cannot handle cyclic references where objects reference each other in a circular manner. To address this, Python uses a cyclic garbage collector.

Memory Deallocation:

When an object's reference count drops to zero or it is identified as garbage during cyclic garbage collection, Python deallocates the memory associated with that object.

Memory Profiling:

Python provides tools and libraries for memory profiling and analysis, such as sys.getsizeof(), gc module functions, and third-party packages like memory-profiler.

These tools help developers identify memory usage patterns and optimize their code.

Memory Management Optimizations:

Python's memory manager includes optimizations such as memory pools and caching to reduce the overhead of memory allocation and deallocation.

Memory management in Python